0 WiFI Modes - WiFi Ad Hoc Mode - WiFi Infrastructure Mode

WiFi Modes Generally there are two well known WiFi modes by means of connectivity to get access to internet and for file sharingWireless technology has modified the means for us to connect to internet via remote or local computers.  It has permitted the accomplishment of thoughts away from the restrictions. . Wireless adapter or network interface are network cards having best 802.11 standards. These wireless adapters are available in various formats like PCI, PCMCIA, USB, Compact flash etc. 802.11 standards having two operating modes one is WiFi ad-hoc mode which is also known as peer-to-peer WiFi mode, which is a very easy to install and least hardware required for it, and second is WiFi Infrastructure mode in which hardware and software are both required for configuration as a part of design. Infrastructure mode is little hard to configure then ad hoc mode.
WiFi Infrastructure Mode Infrastructure mode is one of the two methods for linking to cable less networks .Wi-Fi modes permitted devices such I-phone laptops, PDA’s which are used to connect with wireless network with the help of Access Point(AP). Wireless Access Points are generally routers which are used to connect with computer via Ethernet port. Infrastructure mode is the requirements of Wireless Access points. It is essential to use SSID when you are going to configure Access Point(AP). The basic security key of WiFi is SSID which facilitate to avoid UN official access to WLAN. When you are using WiFi network then you can use multiple access points can be added in the WLAN. The Infrastructure mode of WiFi is supporting a large number of wireless clients. The configuration of Infrastructure mode for wireless network is not very hard just follow simple step and setting up your Infrastructure mode. Write the URL in your any browser which you are using and then give user name and password in coming window. Typically in WiFi wireless network default setting is used which is admin password and admin user name. After putting it write name the connection in appeared screen. Infrastructure mode will be enabled and then assign SSID in the switch for transmit. Now scan adopter to see any wireless network availability. If appear click on it for connect and provide it SSID information to make possible file sharing and internet browsing. Infrastructure makes available much more evenness, scalability, ease of supervision and enhanced security.
WiFi Ad-hoc Mode WiFi Ad hoc Mode is the other type of WiFi modes of connectivity. By using Ad hoc Mode direct communication of devices can be possible. No need of any Access Point such as routers, switches for communication purposes .All devices in Ad hoc Modes connect in peer to peer communication mode therefore each machines act as client and AP at the same type. The setting of Ad hoc Mode wireless adaptors are required to configure it. In ad hoc mode you need to use same channel name and same SSID for a live connection. You can set Ad hoc Mode in small is alike homes, building etc because you never need to use extra hardware. In Ad hoc Mode if there are two different stations range then it will not be able to communicate. Ad hoc Mode is a limited wireless network which invites people in the same room for exchanging data. Both modes provide various benefits depend on the environment. Infrastructure mode and ad hoc mode has no giving out system that can throw data from one location to another location but in short it is a constrained wireless network. The configuration of WiFi modes become possible and ease because Wi-Fi Alliance has standardized these modes via Wi-Fi Protected Setup.

0 Features of WiFI Technology (802.11)

WiFi Features There are lots of WiFi Features which make it more easy and simple wireless network. WiFi Technology is, in spirit, a version of Ethernet without wires in the form of a wireless local area network. WiFi Technology can be used to connect two or more than two devices for various purposes like data sharing. There are no needs of wires to connect with internet or to build a network. WiFi based on IEEE 802.11 .Now days million of people using this built in feature amazing wireless technology.
Ease of Use in WiFi Technology WiFi is a new characteristic in networking and has fetched a new feature in the field of networking. The data broadcasting is finished by means of radio waves. Through WiFi Technology a user can easily get access to internet for objective to sharing all around the world. Now establishing a computer network in any type of business is not difficult such as companies, coffee shops, Libraries, campus, Hotels, colleges, universities, , private institutes etc. WiFi Technology enabled you to get more profit from your business and facilitate you to connect your client anywhere or any time.  No need for cabling in WiFi Technology WiFi is creating new strength to connect any thing or any task without giving up task. There are lots of utilities initiated by WiFi. Music streamers are a great utility by WiFi Technology that put your music to speakers without any cable. WiFi Technology also enables you to play radio online and enjoy music via remote computer. Downloading of songs, sharing of files, above the ground speed makes WiFi Technology matchless mobility. WiFi has no cable so you can easily move your pc from one location to another because it is very helpful, easy and convenient.
WiFi Fortress Technology Features WiFi is offering Fortress Technology to secure wireless resolution hold up the intensification. The advantages of WiFi are more than a few. It supports a group to create a network between same types of networks for transformation of data. WiFi make easy to attach different devices to your pc such as PDA’s, games, MP3 player, Radio etc. It is an expedient technology therefore you can use internet during traveling and set up your business at any location and if you are existing near WiFi hotspot then you will automatically connect to internet. WiFi Technology Secure Internet Connection Features Nowadays WiFi continue living all over the place with all its wonder. Through WiFi user can get quick access to internet, build up a network in a small place doesn’t matter now because it don’t need any professional installation. Just make sure the wireless connection and ready to go of fast speed internet journey depending on the speed of your internet provider. The security system of WiFi Technology make it more reliable and its tool protect your data .The configuration of devices are very easy because it has network security, embedded system and standard devices. WiFi Feature of No Limitation WiFi Technology connect you worldwide and it has no limitation. WiFi Technology has great power for consumption as compared to other network. You can get high speed internet. Its site surveys help you to know about it in short we can say that feature of WiFi such as high speed internet access, Site Surveys is a great deal of WiFi Technology to make sure visual presentation, safety and fulfillment. Business enterprising tools make it a pioneering inventor of technology solutions. WiFi Features of Scalable System and Robust Performance The scalable system of WiFi Technology shows performance in a while rather than days and makes exact result. Flexible authentication methods facilitate the transportation and procedure of keying substance. You never need any experience to install devices because WiFi Technology itself smart enough to provide security to your personal computer but also offer an easy way of network installation.

0 What is WiFi Technology (Wireless Fidelity) 802.11

WiFi Technology WiFi Technology is a proficient used by mobiles, workplaces, home and computer systems all around the world. WiFi Technology is a spectrum radio technology and OFDM radio technology therefore it is an alternate of wireless LAN'. WiFi Technology based on the IEEE 802.11and WiFi Technology Alliance so we can say that it is a synonym of IEEE 802.11. WiFi Technology is executing by remote supervising structure like as security and medicine. Newest entrenchedwireless fidelity representations are outfitted by real time operating systems that allow communication by means of serial ports so we can say that WiFi Technology is a standard of communication among wireless devices and computers all over the world.
The world's leading WiFi Technology network is simply a name of freedom which permits you to connect your computer with any device as PDA without any expense of wires. Just imagine you are sitting in a coffee shop and chatting with your friend for fun, traveling with airport and in touch with your business, working in a office or taking tea in company cafeteria and checking your today business status Now you can use internet share your files making conference with your client and these all thing possible yes your work and outing both are going and it is possible only with WiFi Technology. There are a number of products existing now which enable to attach with WiFi Technology Networks about the vicinity. At the time of start when WiFi Technology introduced in market no one have so much knowledge about the product or equipments used for WiFi Technology but now it has become well known technology of the era .The product used by WiFi Technology are Wireless access points which make possible and fast access to your priorities , Wireless adapters makes it more sufficient for wok, Wireless routers make traffic clean and quick, Wireless network bridges which enable links, allow PC card, Express Card, USB, Card bus, miniPCI and PCI, Handhelds and PDAs and expand range of wireless repeater. Wireless Fidelity (WiFi Technology) provides so much entertainment and information than before with because it enables all devices like PC, games, mp3 player, smart phone, laptop, printer and other tangential. The uses of the WiFi Technology contain any type of WLAN product support any of the 802.11 together with dual-band, 802.11a, 802.11b. WiFi Technology is through accessible hot Spots like Home, Office, Airports, Hotels, Railway stations, Restaurants etc.
WiFi Technology is the trademark of WiFi Technology Alliance which is speedily achieved the recognition in the world by means of the access point. These devices tested by the “WiFi Technology alliance” are used around the world. WiFi Technology use 2.4 GHz radio spectrum for data transfer WiFi Technology reinstate customary wired networks among two or several computers, it facilitated file transferring wires, hubs, networking cards, and other imperative networking connected hardware. WLAN cards and wireless routers make possible broadcasting. WiFi Technology catch wireless networking signals in specified area yet if they are from dissimilar company. The simple design of WiFi Technology makes it easier and user friendly. WiFi Technology  is improved simply since no electric wiring is necessary building it a cheaper and quicker network to squash. Protection can be an apprehension with wireless technologies to monitor unguarded data traffic. WiFi Technology upholds exact security matter. In the data and physical link layers WEP or Wired corresponding Privacy is employed. It was intended to offer the wireless security by defensive the data when a user transmits it from one PC to another. WiFi Technology networking generally preserves within a structure premises. As we know that transmission of protected by Wireless LANs but when data travels over the radio waves it may be possible that some one can be expose and capture your secret data. Though, safe design is essential to WiFi Technology networks, users can easily facilitate password safety and traffic encryption by WiFi Technology test, WiFi Technology Detector, wireless WiFi Technology and WiFi Technology scanner.  WiFi Technology has extended extensively inside business and industrial locations. The growing number of WiFi Technology access point’s supplier network idleness. WiFi Technology support quick roaming and enlarged on the whole network-capacity by defining smaller cells. WiFi Technology also make easy wireless voice-applications which is known as VoWLAN .WiFi Technology have motivated on the way to "thin" because of network intelligence. Centralized network make possible business everywhere, consign individual access role the "dumb" transceivers. Outside submission may exploit mesh topologies. WiFi Technology equipment can provide a safe computer networking as DHCP server, the interruption detection, firewall, and other utilities, so we can say that WiFi Technology is an important and useful technology of the future. Upcoming Years will be merely wireless and with the help of WiFi Technology this idea is achievable.

0 What is I-Mode Technology

I-Mode Technology The most demanded feature of all the communication devices is network accessibility. I-Mode technology has revolutionized the whole world. I-Mode is like the miniature of internet as mobiles are quite smaller. It is specially designed for the mobile to get access to internet through it. Regarding regular websites, which are designed to surf on PC, take longer time to open in Wi-Fi mobiles. This creates problem in mobiles as the application hang on for longer time and make difficult to use ordinary phone while browsing net. I-Mode is a unique technology introduced by Japan in 1999 by NTT Do Como for the first time as a complete communication port either through phone service, mail or web information. Here I- tells that this portal will help you to access all type of information available on net. Now you do not need to disconnect from internet while receiving or making a phone call. Japanese goes for the internet option incorporated in the mobiles as they cannot bother to ask WAP to provide internet access. They need free hold internet anywhere anytime to not to sacrifice one feature for the sake of other.
I-Mode Technology Features An I-mode mobile has an appealing feature with the I-button is placed in the top-middle position of keypad. You do not need to connect, one you have activated the I-mode feature it is available to you twenty four hours a week. You are available to your contact from either connection. Also you can take help from this information service. If you want to reserve a plan ticket, you would like to go through the departure time table. This you could do with the help of mobile as the information is available on the sight. You can correspond and get reserved your seat virtually without even visiting the office. I-Mode Advantages I-Mode technology gives the ease of internet connectivity without any extra charge. You just need to pay the connection charges and the amount of data download not the time limitation. I-Mode makes you free to remain online without paying extra money as you subscribe for the connection once.
How I-Mode Technology Works It is very important to understand the I-mode technology. However it is not very complicated to understand and even a piece of cake for the website developers. Website developers are used to design web pages in HTML language to upload it. Now I-mode is a miniaturist form of this internet. It only requires small changes to the same webpage without deleting or removing the data to make it compatible for the mobiles. Some of the additional security frames and bold frames covering the web page are required to remove to make it compatible with the mobile screen resolution. A reliable step taken by the Do Como is that they made venture with the website developers to make some information oriented sites into I-mode form. I-Mode send information in the form of small packets to deliver quality service o their clients. Every component of the internet supplying has been changed into mini shape like you close the whole information in a small packet to make it possible for the large data to move easily. I-Mode, the same technology previously and currently has been using in the PCs and laptops to access the internet. The difference is as mobile is a smart little gadget to take away with you anywhere so is the urge for internet connectivity called for the miniature form of internet service. All the web pages specially designed with iHTML language to access through mobile. If there are thousands official I web pages there are thousands unofficial web pages also available. You have a variety to go through your choice.

0 What is 3GPP

3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) More than two decades back, in 1998, all the telecommunication companies decided to establish a mutual management body and named it as 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The collaboration was done to take a step in converting all the standards in global telecommunication. This required standard specifications with comprehensive reporting to bring quick improvements in 3G networking. In short all the up gradation, improvements and fixing of networking that was done individually now happen after mutual discussion and experimentation.
Instead of knowing the function of this 3GPP organization it’s better to have a look on its agenda; Radio frequency would have been expanded to provide better service to multiple users. For this GSM is further improved in the form of GPRS in which data in the form of packets is distributed and another try has been made in to EDGE in which data sending rates are increased. In this regard two areas were specially reconsidered in which GSM revolutionized its core networking and to make better the radio frequencies which come under the UTRA zone that covers FDD and TDD.
It is also considered that IP based transmission would be achieved to give better service in which multimedia is also included.

0 3G Vs 4G

Difference between 3G and 4G (3G Vs 4G) Everyday new development and improvement in mobile technologies is now becoming necessary and fashion as well. People are crazy to have latest mobile with latest technology. 3G has been ruling since previous two decades and now 4G is struggling to either swap or succeed 3G. However it is said that 4G is the modified form of 3G and for courtesy the term 3.5G is applied to it. The difference between 3G and 4G (3G Vs 4G) is quite obvious and anyone who has shifted from 3G to 4G can better tell that 4G is amazingly superior. The amplest difference between 3G and 4G is the difference of sophistication. Where 3G is loaded with technology caboodle multiple wireless networking supports there 4G comes up with its own network having a clear distinction of accessing internet for 24 Hours.
The essence of 4G technology is its acceleration which differentiates it from 3G. 4G succeeds with the ratio of 2 : 20 :: uplink : downlink. It is 20 times faster than 3G and surely a great attraction for the mobile user to upgrade. 4G is still in its infancy and is need to develop a strong base after getting approval from ITU which is still in process as there are some speculations about the technologies to meet the challenge. As to improve 3G technology it has come with multiplexing as switching between packet / circuit switching but 4G is accessorized with more sophisticated packet switching technology. Packet switching is a sort of temporary hybrid technology and is sued when there is need. It has more comprehensive and sophisticated nature and adopted from computer technology as it is the core system of processing computer applications. Packet switching has improved the audio visual performance of mobile. Packet switching technology is very dynamic in its performance as it remains passive till there is information to be sent and after receiving the command it prompt the command forward.
The increased Bandwidth makes the mobiles more efficient to send and receive large amount of data in a less time span. The last mile coverage till the loss of signals as it has coverage in many countries is a very useful feature avoids switching from one network to the other not to create propagation delay.  An important distinction of 3G and 4G is the use of wireless service and both have an edge over older technologies. The introduction of LTE and WiMAX has revolutionized the working of internet. It has not only given speed and data transfer capacity but also internet access.

0 Mobile Phone Security

Mobile Phone Security Advancement in technology where make you mobile there rises some serious mobile phone security issues as well. While you are mobile phone with some positive purpose like on a business trip there might be someone else mobile phone with negative intention to harm you. You don’t know where and how you get loss to your data within your mobile phone, but you can take precautionary measurements to secure your mobile phone important data or personal possessions. When you are away from your home with mobile device like mobile, laptop or iPod you are exposed to the danger. It is your duty to take some precautionary measurements for securing mobile phone data if you are mobile. There are some different aspects you have to consider as to what and how should be secure.
It is your first and foremost duty to think what are the important information and data you don’t want to leak out. This information could be; Customer’s contact information. Client detail. Personal data like personal number, birth date, CNIC No., and home address etc. It is advised that delete personal data while you are mobile or write partial information. You must be aware of your need as which information you need while you are mobile. While mobile, taking your all data with you could be harmful as you could lose your mobile phone device. Therefore it is necessary to place important data on a server machine instead of saving the information in laptop or mobile phone. In case of keeping data locally it is necessary to install software for the mobile phone security. It is better to copy all the important information on CD and write short description about the data and arrange them date wise. This will help you to organize the data and also secure it in case of device failure. Anti-Virus software or security updates are recommended to upgrade so that it regularly checks the files to avoid the data loss threat to mobile phone. Hackers are clever enough to hack your passwords and logins information. Your password must be strong enough to be secure in any worst circumstance. For the strong password read the guide for strong passwords. Do not check the password remembrance prompt. Do not write password anywhere to be easily find out by someone. Do not allow cookies to save password on your mobile phone device.
Now-a-days wireless devices have in-built internet connection button. Switch-off this button not to establish connection automatically with an unsecured wireless internet. Do not remain on the sharing property of printer and file. Always use secure wireless connection for the file and photo sharing and transferring.  While you are on move it is necessary to be very careful about your belonging. In public places you should be extra conscious about your surroundings. Keep an eye over your luggage and do not show off others that you have something precious something important. Do not let others to see your laptop or mobile, they can run away with it. Do not let the Bluetooth on so that other can transfer important information without your permission. In case you forget to switch off the Bluetooth, you can be easily traced and trapped. Let suppose you have lost your mobile or laptop. Do you have back up for the important information save in that particular mobile phone or laptop. It is better to secure information somewhere else away from your mobile device so that in case of robbery or loss you should not suffer the loss. It is true that mobility helps you to be more productive and confident and surely has many advantages there is only need to be more aware to the threats and danger offers by outer environment away from your access.

0 What is 2G Mobile Technology

2G Mobile Technology 2G Mobile technology revolutionized the concept of mobile uses as compared to 1G. 1st generation used the mobile with analog system only used for the verbal communication. 2G Technology mobiles are now able to do not only verbal communication but also able to send text.  There are 3 different types of 2G mobile technologies based on the system they are designed. Adoption of any one of the technology makes them somewhat different from the other because of the difference in their working method. All these 2G mobile technologies have different properties to facilitate a special feature of a mobile.
FDMA (2G Mobile Technology) It works like a radio system by separating the frequency into equal spectrum but affecting the quality of voice. FDMA is an analog system still exists in 2G mobile technology with the digital module of 2G in limited area. Instead of frequency division now cellular based technology which divide geographical areas not frequency and improve the service. Properties This technology is first used in 1G mobile as an analog system, introduced in 2G with the increase in its frequency with the help of cellular technology. Able to carry digital transmission but digital transmission is not quality wise as good as in case of analog system. Facilitate with the feature of analogue system by enabling the accessibility of call. TDMA (2G Mobile Technology) 2G Mobiles uses TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) technology in some of its models. It actually divides the band into three time-periods. TDMA contains technologies GSM (Global Service Mobile Communication), which is the most common technology, uses widely across the world.  Properties It provides roaming in more than 200 countries. This international roaming feature attracts the subscribers to use it for travelling purpose. The most used and the most appreciative feature is that of short messaging service (sms). Use of sim is a prominent feature of GSM. It needs only a sim to start communication at a particular region. IDEN abbreviated for Integrated Digital Enhanced Network, which is TDMA based technology based on GSM, is utilized by Motorola limited to United State and Canada only. D-AMPS (Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System) also known as IS-136 used in America only North and South regions. PCS (Personal Communication System) is used in Japan.
CDMA (2G Mobile Technology) Unlike TDMA, CDMA works using the entire band with the help of code. CDMA is based on a wide spectrum as many calls laid over each other identifying on the basis of unique code. CDMA gives a separate code to a separate phone. Increase the frequency band space by assigning code in sequence. Both senders and receivers are able to use a full band with the help of using their codes. Contrast to one analog call, nearly dozen calls can be channelized at the same time. IS-95 (Interim Standard) widely uses in Korea increases the capacity as able to use complete band.

0 3G Mobile Technology

What is 3G Mobile Technology 3G mobile technology is an edge over telephone and internet. Different 2G technologies are now gather and utilized at one place to give the mobile technology a new dimension and these called3G mobile technologies. Combination of all the quality features of different 2G versions brings excellent one best device with high data transfer rate, maximum width of the frequency band, WiFi facility, and first-rate roaming. 3G mobile Technology is the combination of earthly and heavenly features.  Let see the technologies used in 3g mobile and their properties one by one.
CDMA 2000 (3G Mobile Technology) Third Generation Partnership Project 2 (TGPP 2) introduced this CDMA 2000. Five countries Telecommunication standards organization did joint venture to design this technology. This technology advancement was already entertained by many other systems and serving as 3G Mobile Technology. Properties: Able to use verbal and textual service concurrently. High data transfer rate approximately 200 kbps. CDMA 2000 provides wireless facility. W-CDMA (UMTS) - (3G Mobile Technology) W-CDMA stands for Wideband Code Division Multiple Access is a third generation’s important feature based on radio transmission system. It is designed by ETSI Alpha organization. It is quite challenging to apply it because of its complex features and versatile properties. Properties: Make hybrid with IS-95 (digital cellular standard) component of 2G technology responsible for the high frequency. It is able to download 14.7 Mb/s. Provide wideband known as Spread Spectrum in addition to code division multiple accesses. Improved audio-visual effects.
TD-SCDMA (3G Mobile Technology) Time-Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access inherited and hybrid from 2G technologies. This 3G is a step forward as compared to 2G because in 2G either CDMA or TDMA is used to achieve the relevant property. But in 3G both these technologies have been combined to take benefit from both. TDMA supports multiple access approach and its time division multiple access enables uplink and downlink Transmission. TDMA support GSM enabling sms service. It helps in multiplexing the FDMA technology with TDMA and CDMA allot whole frequency band to a specific service and transmit signals converts into digital data to the all the users. Some other 3G mobile technologies utilized by the 3G mobiles are as follows; Video technology for video calling or video conference. Here two cameras are used so that caller can see the other. Sim based technology with the 3G network connectivity. GPRS General Packet Radio Service where data is divided into chunks of information and transmit through radio signals. EDGE for enhanced data rate service. W-LAN is a standard for wireless facility through local area network service. Multimedia technology applications are the key feature for 3g mobile technology. IP connectivity is an additional feature for voice call or message and video call or video conference.

0 4G Technology

What is 4G technology When talking about 4G, question comes to our mind is what is 4G Technology. 4G is short forFourth (4th) Generation Technology. 4G Technology is basically the extension in the 3G technology with more bandwidth and services offers in the 3G. But at this time nobody exactly knows the true 4G definition. Some people say that 4G technology is the future technologies that are mostly in their maturity period. The expectation for the 4G technology is basically the high quality audio/video streaming over end to end Internet Protocol. If the Internet Protocol (IP) multimedia sub-system movement achieves what it going to do, nothing of this possibly will matter. WiMAX or mobile structural design will become progressively more translucent, and therefore the acceptance of several architectures by a particular network operator ever more common.
Many Technologies appear in many different flavours and have many diverse tags attached to them, but that does not really indicate that they are moving in dissimilar tracks. The technologies that fall in the 4G categories are UMTS, OFDM, SDR, TD-SCDMA, MIMO and WiMAX to the some extent.  4G Technology offers high data rates that will generate new trends for the market and prospects for established as well as for new telecommunication businesses. 4G networks, when tied together with mobile phones with in-built higher resolution digital cameras and also High Definition capabilities will facilitate video blogs.
After successful implementation, 4G technology is likely to enable ubiquitous computing, that will simultaneously connects to numerous high date speed networks offers faultless handoffs all over the geographical regions. Many network operators possibly utilize technologies for example; wireless mesh networks and cognitive radio network to guarantee secure connection & competently allocates equally network traffic and bandwidth. Some of the companies trying 4G mobile communication at 100 Mbps for mobile users and up to 1 Gbps over fixed stations. They planned on publicly launching their first commercial wireless network around 2010. As far as other competitor’s mobile communication companies working on 4G technology even more quickly. Sprint Nextel was planned to launch WiMAX over 4G broadband mobile network in United States. Some of the other developed countries like United Kingdom stated a plan to sale via auction of 4G mobile frequencies couple of years back. The word “MAGIC” also refers to 4G technology which stands for Mobile multimedia, Any-where, Global mobility solutions over, Integrated wireless and Customized services. With 4G mobile technology around the corner it is difficult to imagine how we were able to go around our everyday lives without mobile communication speeds of up to 100Mbps. Not only will 4G improve mobile communication, it will likely positively impact wireless technology for online gaming and internet browsing in the home. If you want to test the capability of 4G technology in the online gaming industry visit spinpalace.co.uk and download their latest software for the ultimate gaming experience. Visit them on your 4G compatible mobile device and experience the 4G technology.

0 Wimax Technology Future Threats

WiMAX Technology Future Threats, Future Trends in 4G WiMAX Technology Service providers, professional associations and industry experts are expecting to see some of the similar kinds of threats are expecting against Wimax Technology, like the older 802.11 Wi-Fi standard used against it. Ex-Tipping Point security consultant Shawn Merdinger said that "I expect we'll see similar problems with Wimax as we've seen with other devices, namely weak management protocols and vulnerable applications, embedded Web servers, unencrypted access via telnet and SNMP V1 and V2,". (Dan Jones, Aug 2007)

Security will grow to be a major issue with Wimax Technology and other high speed wireless services in the near future because experts and other potential hackers are not really aware of threats. At this decade Wimax Technology is not full fledged deployed in most of the areas of the world with very limited users. Access and authentication remains the essential wireless concern for enterprise buyers and consumers. There is, however, an increasing alertness that wireless's fragile link may not be in the security mechanism used to protect it, but rather in the insecure coding at the software driver level, which can be broken by intellectual hackers.

0 Wimax Technology Future - WiMAX Future Trends

Wimax Future

Public broadband access via wireless is not only a benefit to business travellers but is also an interesting business opportunities in itself. Broadband wireless internet access via hot spots in hotels, airports, convention centres, coffee shops, restaurants, etc. is a fast growing trend. Hot spots provide internet access for hire. Relatively economical to set up, all that is required to create a simple hot spot is a broadband connection and a wireless router. May hot spots use T1 for its high bandwidth, but DSL, cable and fixed wireless can also be used.

Wimax technology can make high speed wireless broadband internet services available to much larger areas than can typical Wi-Fi hot spots. Wimax implementations can provide a wireless range of up to 30 miles or 50 kilometres, much greater than the physical distance limitations of Wi-Fi hot spots or DSL, Wimax technology can also be used to interconnect existing Wi-Fi networks.

Wimax Technology promises many strategic opportunities, not just as a backhaul solution for Wi-Fi delivering additional bandwidth to hot spots, but potentially for 3G networks too. Wimax Technology initially may be deployed as a wireless backhaul solution, but will be upgraded to a mobility application, once the 802.16e standard is approved and Wimax Technology capable client devices enter the market, marking a major increase in the anticipated market.  (Mark W. Andrews, Joshua Raha, 2007) Wimax Technology can compliment existing and emerging 3G mobile and wired networks, and can play a significant role in helping service providers deliver converged services that can be accessed using a broad range of devices on a wide variety of networks. At the technical level, 3G and Wimax Technology solutions fit well together by providing different capabilities while allowing for seamless integration. 3G technologies have evolved over many years to become highly spectrally efficient, allowing operators to take advantage of costly spectrum dedicated to mobile services. 3G CDMA technologies such as W-CDMA and CDMA 2000 1xEV-DO provide high through puts in low bandwidths as 5 MHz and 1.25 MHz, respectively. (Mark W. Andrews, Joshua Raha, 2007)

0 Antennas for Fixed WiMAX Application & Adaptive Modulation in Wimax Technology

Antennas For Fixed WiMAX Applications Directional antennas enhance the fade margin by adding together extra gain. This increases the link accessibility comparisons between directional and omni-directional antennas. Delay spread is further reduced by directional antennas at both the Base Station and Customer Premise Equipment (CPE). The antenna pattern restrains any multi-path signals that appear in the sidelobes and backlobes. The efficiency of these methods has been verified and demonstrated in booming deployments, in which the service operates under considerable NLOS fading.(J,R.Sanford)
Adaptive Modulation WiMAX system supports adaptive modulation to regulate the Signal Modulation Scheme (SMC) depending on the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) state of the radio link. When the radio link is soaring in quality, the peak modulation scheme is used, offering the system additional capacity. During a signal fade, the WiMAX system can move to a lower modulation scheme to keep the connection quality and link permanence.
This element allows the system to overcome time-selective fading. The key element of adaptive modulation is that it enhances the range that a higher modulation scheme can be used over, because the system can bend to the actual fading circumstances, as opposed to having a fixed scheme that is planned for the worst case situations. (Sam W. Ho, 2004)

0 Sub Channelization and Transmission Diversity in WiMAX Technology

Sub Channelization in Wimax Technology Another option within Wimax technology in the uplink is Sub Channelization. Without sub channelization, narrow restrictions and requirement for cost effective wimax Customer Premise Equipments (CPEs), usually cause the link budget to be unbalanced, for that reason the system range to be up link is restricted. Sub channeling allows the link budget to be objective such that the system gains are parallel for both the up and down links. Sub channeling focuses the broadcasting power into fewer OFDM carriers; this is what boosts the system gain that can either be applied to widen the reach of the system, overcome the infrastructure penetration losses, and or lessen the power consumption of the Customer Premise Equipments (CPE). The use of sub channeling is promoted expansion in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) to permit a more flexible use of resources that can maintain roaming or mobile operation. (Deepak Boppana, 2005) Transmission Diversity in Wimax Technology Transmission Diversity formats are used for improvement of multi-path and reflections signals that arise in Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) environment. Transmission Diversity is an optional element in Wimax technology. The transmission diversity algorithms presented by Wimax technology in both the transmitter and receiver significantly enhances the system accessibility. The Wimax transmit diversity option uses space time coding to offer transmit source freedom; this decreases the weaken margin requirement and resist the interference with other devices. For receive transmission diversity, a variety of joining techniques are present to increase the accessibility of the system. For example, Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) takes benefit of two separate receive chains to prevent fading and decrease path loss. Transmission diversity has verified to be a helpful tool for coping with the challenges of NLOS transmission. (Srikanth Mettukuru, 2007)

0 Power Control - Error Detection in WiMAX Technology

Power Control in Wimax Technology Algorithms of power control are applied to enhance the general performance of the system, it is deployed by the base station sending power control information to every Wimax Customer Premise Equipments (CPEs) to control the transmit power level so that the level inward bound at the base station is at a fixed level. In a dynamical changing fading environment this pre-determined performance level indicates that the Customer Premise Equipment (CPE) only broadcasts sufficient power to meet this constraint. The communication would be that the CPE broadcast level is supported on worst case circumstances.

The power control decreases the general power consumption of theWimax Customer Premise Equipments (CPE) and the possible interference with other base stations. For Line-of-Sight (LOS) the transmission power of the Wimax Customer Premise Equipments (CPE) is approximately comparative to its distance from the base station, for Non-Line-Of-Sight (NLOS) it is also closely dependant on the clearance and barriers. Error Detection Techniques in Wimax Technology WiMAX technology have built-in error detection techniques to reduce the system Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) obligations. Convolutional Encoding, Strong Reed Solomon FEC, and interleaving algorithms are used to identify and correct errors to enhance throughput. These strong error correction techniques assist to recover corrupted frames that may have been missing due to frequency selective fading or burst errors. To remove the errors, Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) is used that cannot be corrected by the Forward Error Detection (FEC) by resending the error-ed information again. This notably improves the Bit Error Rate (BER) performance for a similar maximum level. (Deepak Boppana, 2005)

0 IMT Advanced : WiMAX & IMT Advanced

What is IMT Advanced IMT Advanced, also known as “systems beyond IMT 2000” is expected to offer constant higher data rates with high mobility to assure likely growing need for mobile WiMAX services that goes beyond what IMT 2000 can afford to provide. IMT Advanced is awaiting technology that will require 3 to 5 years in the future with target maximum data rates, for research and examination, of up to 100 Mbits/sec in high mobility applications and up to 1 Gbit/sec in low mobility or nomadic applications. The capacity expected by IMT Advanced is often referred to as 4G. It is commonly acknowledged that Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDM) technology will be integrated in IMT Advanced in near future to get more the maximum benefits from the WiMAX.(WiMAX Forum)

“IMT Advanced is a continuing effort. The full criteria, being extended within ITU-R Working Party 8F, are not expected until 2008. The specification of IMT Advanced technologies will probably not be completed until at least 2010. In preparation for IMT Advanced, the IEEE 802.16 Working Group has moved to initiate a new project designated as “802.16m” with the intent of developing enhancements to IEEE STD 802.16 to ensure suitability as an IMT Advanced proposal”.  (WiMAX Forum)

0 Enhancements In WiMAX Technology

Enhancements In WiMAX Technology

There are so many threats that I have discussed before in my last chapter. Wimax technology is still vulnerable to threats and put this technology to risk to fail down in near future. But now its time to think and rebuild the internal security mechanism that is safer and provide more protection to both service providers and the consumers. At this decade WiMAX are facing problems in the aspects of network security and other threats like many other wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi. In this chapter I am going to discuss about the enhancements in WiMAX Technology that we can suggest any solutions and enhancements to the infrastructure of the WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) security mechanism in the light of references from other people work and research.

0 OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) in WiMAX Technology

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) OFDM stands for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing; it’s a technology that provides the operator to beat the challenges of Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) transmission in the more efficient manner. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) waveform put forward the advantage of functioning with the larger delay spread of the NLOS background. With the excellent quality of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) functionality, time and use of a cyclic prefix and its also removes the Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) complications of adaptive equalization. Multiple narrowband orthogonal carriers composed because of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) waveform, localizing selective fading to a subset of carriers that are comparatively simple to equalize. A comparison between an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signal and a single carrier signal, with the information being sent in parallel for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and in series for single carrier are shown in Fig: 5. (WiMAX Forum)

The facility to remove delay spread, Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) and multi-path in a proficient manner allows for higher data rate throughput. It is simpler to equalize the individual Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) carriers than it is to equalize the broader single carrier signal. For these entire reasons modern international standard such as those set by IEEE 802.16, have created Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) as the ideal technology.  (WiMAX Forum)

0 Other Threat to WiMAX Technology

Other Threats to WiMAX Technology According to experts wimax technology is still facing problems in security and also vulnerable toDenial-of-Service attacks, because there is no mechanissm in place to specifically detect and discard repeated packets in the message. An attacker could repeat many messages, valid or not, in an attempt to interfere with the operation of the network. The impact of this type of attack can be very high, because it might affect the operation of the communication system within WiMAX Technology.

The risk is significant and that it might be sensible to employ a second line of defence against such an attack. Several weaknesses in privacy and key management (PKM) have also been discovered. PKM prevents eavesdropping and passive attacks by using hashed-message-authentication code and traffic-encryption keys (TEK). All key negotiation and data-encryption-key generation rely on the authorization key's (AK) secret. The AK is generated by the base station, and the TEK is generated from the AK but only has a 2-bit identifier space, which is insufficient during the AK lifetime. (WiMAX Vision)

0 WiMAX Availability Problem

Wimax Availability Problem WiMAX deployments will use licensed Radio Frequency (RF) spectrum, positively granting them some degree of protection from unintentional interference. It is reasonably simple, however, for an attacker to use readily available tools to jam the spectrum for all planned WiMAX deployments. In addition to physical layer Denial of Service (DOS) attacks, an attacker can use legacy management frames to forcibly disconnect legitimate stations. This is similar to the de-authenticate flood attacks used against 802.11 (WiFi) networks. (Joshua Wright,Dec 12 2006)

To prevent the WiMAX network to be jammed, I will introduce the way that we can prevent the system from denial of service attacks by proposing physical layer security measures by extensive research.  I also have to discuss and legacy management frames and propose the better alternative that prevents the network to be jammed by the attacker.